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This report, prepared by foreign law specialists and analysts of the Law Library of Congress, offers a review of laws regulating the collection of intelligence in the European Union (EU) and selected EU Member States, namely Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and updates a report on the same topic issued by the Law Library of Congress in 2014. The previous survey of French legislation was substantially amended because of France’s new Law on Intelligence, which was passed in 2015. The most recent decisions of the European courts concerning mass surveillance and the validity of data retention activities undertaken by the European countries’ governments are reviewed in the EU survey, and measures aimed at the protection of personal data prescribed by a recently concluded US–EU agreement are analyzed. The individual country surveys also describe legislative proposals currently under consideration in the respective parliaments. These include the Investigatory Powers Bill in the United Kingdom, the Cybersecurity Law of Romania, and proposals to enhance the privacy of citizens’ communications in the Netherlands.
This report summarizes the cryptocurrency policies and regulatory regimes in fourteen jurisdictions around the world. Among the key issues covered in the report are matters relating to the legality of cryptocurrency markets; the tax treatment of cryp...
The increased use of drones for civilian applications has presented many countries with regulatory challenges. Such challenges include the need to ensure that drones are operated safely, without harming public and national security, and in a way that...
Attacks against journalists appear to be on the rise recently in countries around the world. These include attacks allegedly directed by governments or politicians, as well as by individuals displeased with their own media coverage or generally ...
In the recent past, more countries are becoming vulnerable to the risks of money laundering and its contagious effects. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the scale of money laundering globally could be between 2% and 5% of World Gro...
In many countries child marriage rates have remained high despite legislation that prohibits it, often dating back over several decades; 3 a step change in women’s empowerment will be needed to eradicate this practice. However, embedding the go...
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