Gender-based employment segregation refers to the unequal distribution of female and male workers across and within job types. Segregation can be horizontal, with women and men concentrating in different sectors, industries, occupations, types of products, and business sizes; and vertical, with gender disparities in positions with different statuses, managerial responsibilities, or potential for promotion.Targeting gender-based employment segregation, beyond female labor force participation, is key to improving job quality and gender equality. Employment segregation and female labor force participation are often driven by similar factors. However, greater female labor force participation alone may not increase gender equality if employment segregation implies that women enter low return occupations, or that they crowd into a limited number of occupations resulting in lower wages. Indeed, employment segregation may limit efforts to encourage women’s participation in the labor market.