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The report describes foreign court systems that have adopted a range of options and procedural conditions for virtual hearings and/or trials in noncriminal cases in each jurisdiction surveyed. In Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom, the virtual taking of evidence, hearings, and/or trials may be mandated by the judge or by the application of a party to the proceedings. Additionally, in China, France, New Zealand, and Turkey, the option of virtual taking of evidence, hearings, and/or trials in civil cases generally requires the consent of all parties.
This report, prepared by foreign law specialists and analysts of the Law Library of Congress, offers a review of laws regulating the collection of intelligence in the European Union (EU) and selected EU Member States, namely Belgium, France, Germany,...
This report examines the scope of protection extended to freedom of speech in thirteen selected countries. In particular, the report focuses on the limits of protection that may apply to the right to interrupt or affect in any other way public speech...
Policy makers around the world recognize the potentially harmful consequences of trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy. Indeed, many countries have recently initiated policy reforms to strengthen the enforcement of intellectual property right...
This report describes the law of twelve nations and the European Union on whether the government, pursuant to a court order or other government process, can require companies to decrypt encrypted communications or provide the government with the mean...
This paper examines whether and to what extent amendments in inheritance legislation impact women’s physical and human capital investments, using disaggregated household level data from India. The authors use inheritance patterns over three gen...
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