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The report describes foreign court systems that have adopted a range of options and procedural conditions for virtual hearings and/or trials in noncriminal cases in each jurisdiction surveyed. In Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom, the virtual taking of evidence, hearings, and/or trials may be mandated by the judge or by the application of a party to the proceedings. Additionally, in China, France, New Zealand, and Turkey, the option of virtual taking of evidence, hearings, and/or trials in civil cases generally requires the consent of all parties.
This report, prepared by the staff of the Global Legal Research Directorate of the Law Library of Congress, surveys laws regulating the mandatory legal deposit of electronic materials. Fifteen countries representing different approaches to collecting...
This report examines laws and practices related to plea bargaining in six countries: Georgia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Russia, and Singapore. Of these countries, three (Georgia, Malaysia, and Nigeria) have formalized both charge and sentence bar...
This report describes the law of twelve nations and the European Union on whether the government, pursuant to a court order or other government process, can require companies to decrypt encrypted communications or provide the government with the mean...
This report, prepared by foreign law specialists and analysts of the Law Library of Congress, offers a review of laws regulating the collection of intelligence in the European Union (EU) and selected EU Member States, namely Belgium, France, Germany,...
This paper presents empirical evidence from household and firm survey data collected during 2009–2010 on the implementation of the 2008 Labor Contract Law and its effects on China’s workers. The government and local labor bureaus have mad...
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