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This report discusses the regulation of campaign financing and spending in national elections and the availability of free airtime for campaign advertising in Austria, Canada, Finland, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Specifically, the individual country surveys address the following issues: • The extent to which each country applies limits on the amounts that can be contributed to political parties and candidates; • The existence of ceilings on campaign expenditures; and • The availability of free airtime for broadcast advertising. Countries included in this study demonstrate different models used in regulating campaign financing. Canada, Israel, and Japan limit both campaign contributions and expenditures. The laws of Austria, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom impose spending limits on individual candidates and political parties, but few limitations on donations. Finnish legislation provides an example of a system where caps are put on contributions but not on the money spent in election campaigns. Countries that allow both unlimited donations and campaign spending were not included in this report.
This report describes the law of twelve nations and the European Union on whether the government, pursuant to a court order or other government process, can require companies to decrypt encrypted communications or provide the government with the mean...
This report examines the scope of protection extended to freedom of speech in thirteen selected countries. In particular, the report focuses on the limits of protection that may apply to the right to interrupt or affect in any other way public speech...
The concept of authentication has been around for a long time in many forms. For example ‘due diligence’ in commerce has traditionally been formalised to determine whether the data presented in commercial propositions are accurate and com...
This paper explores the determinants of public employment across the world and finds that it is negatively associated with country size (by population) and positively associated with the income level. The findings show that a country’s openness...
A girl who is married before reaching the age of majority loses the ability to make decisions before she can legally make them for herself. In Afghanistan, where the age of majority is 18, girls can get married at 16, or as early as 15 with their fat...
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